Population Profile

http://www.york.ca/about+us/york+region+facts/regionaldemographics.htm

A population profile is a chart showing the number of people as a function of their ages. The above population profile demonstrates the connection between ages and gender in the York region in 2001. It also shows the projected age and gender composition in 2026.

Similarity Matrix

 

http://chadrobin.blogspot.com/2011/04/similarity-matrix-512-photographs.html

In the similarity matrix above, the pixels of 512 photographs were analyzed. This was done by grouping pictures from similar events into distinct categories and then running a similarity matrix to see how the pixels of the different pixels corresponded. The blue pixels show a correlation of 0 while the red pixels show a correlation of 1. A similarity matrix is a matrix of scores which express the similarity between two data points. 

Correlation Matrix

 

http://cdepart.blogspot.com/2011/04/correlation-matrix.html

A correlation matrix is a matrix that gives correlations between all pairs of data sets. It is a table that contains correlation coefficients among several markets in different time frames. 

Stem and Leaf Plot

 

http://www.eduplace.com/math/mhm/5/06a/index.html

Stem and leaf plots are a method for showing the frequency with which certain classes of values occur. It summarizes the shape of a set of data (the distribution) and provides extra detail regarding individual values. The data is arranged by place value. The digits in the largest place are referred to as the stem while the digits in the smallest place are known as the leaf. They are great organizers for large amounts of information. The stem and leaf plot above gives an example of the ages of people at a family reunion. For example, the ages are 1, 8, 9, 32, 34, 37, 45, 51, 55, and 81.

Box Plot

 

http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/boxplot.htm

Box plots are an excellent tool for conveying location and variation information in data sets, particularly for detecting and illustrating location and variation changes between different groups of data. The above box plot compares four machines for energy output. It reveals that machine has a significant effect on energy with respect to both location and variation.

Histogram

http://www.analyzemath.com/statistics/histogram.html

This example of a histogram shows the relationship between cars and how many miles they can get per gallon. A histogram is a graphical representation showing a visual impression of the distribution of data.  It displays data using bars of different heights.

Windrose

 

http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/climate/windrose.html

The windrose is from Fresno, California in April. It is based on 30 years of hourly wind data. A windrose is a graphic tool used by meteorologists to give a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Because of its circular format, it shows the frequency of winds blowing from particular directions. 

Scatterplot

 

http://onlinestatbook.com/chapter4/pearson.html

Scatterplots are similar to line graphs in that they use horizontal and vertical axes to plot data points. But  scatterplots show how much one variable is affected by another. They usually consist of a large body of data and the closer the data points come when plotted, the higher the correlation between the two variables, or the stronger the relationship. The scatterplot above demonstrates the correlation between how close a wife and husbands ages are. 

lndex Value Plot

 

http://www.worldclimatereport.com/index.php/2010/07/29/recent-news-from-antarctica/

An index value plot is a type of visualization map in which an index value, instead of an absolute value, is plotted on a line graph. An index value plot allows one to look at variations over a situation in a given period of time. This index value plot demonstrates the trend of melting between the Southern Oscillation Index, Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode, and the melting index in Antarctica. 

Bilateral Graph

http://www.oceansadvance.net/press-releases/bilateral-rd-funding-opportunities-canadian-and-brazilian-companies

Bilateral graphs are maps in which two related sets of values are measured on the same graph. The graph can show either positive or negative sets of data or both. They can be represented by a line graph, bar graph, or any other type of graph. This bilateral graph shows how much Canada exports their goods to Brazil and how much they import from Brazil. 

Nominal Area Choropleth Map

 

http://jeremytheadventurer.blogspot.com/2011_04_01_archive.html

A nominal area choropleth map is a thematic map that displays areal data. These types of maps use different colors or patterns to distinguish between certain areas or regions. Because these maps are represented by nominal data, there is no ranking or order for each category. The nominal area map above displays the types of soil found throughout Florida. 

Unstandardized Choropleth Map

 

http://ssowerbymaps.blogspot.com/2012/07/unstandardized-choropleth-map.html

An unstandardized choropleth map displays data sets with shading and coloring. The data sets are shown as raw numbers. Rather than averaging the data, in an unstandardized map, the data is represented as its original value. The unstandardized map above illustrates unemployment in the United States in 2008. 

Standardized Choropleth Map

 

http://emilyness16.blogspot.com/2012/03/standardized-choropleth-maps.html

Standardized choropleth maps have been areally averaged. The data is compared by seeing how it is distributed over a specific area. The data is standardized because it is represented as ratios, percentages, rates, decimals, and etc. The above map shows the standardization of population per square mile in the United States.

Univariate Choropleth Map

http://www.clearlyandsimply.com/clearly_and_simply/2009/06/multicolored-choropleth-maps-with-excel.html

Univariate choropleth maps are meant to show only one variable distributed across an area or a region. This map gives a visualization of the different ways people say "soda" in the United States. It shows that it is referred to as "pop" in the north, "coke" in the south, and "soda" in the southwest regions. 

Bivariate Choropleth Map

http://www.geo.unizh.ch/~annal/Choropleth%20maps.html

A bivariate map displays two variables on a single map by combining two different sets of graphic symbols or colors. This type of map portrays two separate phenomena that occur simultaneously. The main objective of a bivariate map is to find a simple method for accurately and graphically illustrating the relationship between two spatially distributed variables. The above map shows the relationship between the percentage of population under the age of 18 to the percentage of rural population. 

Unclassed Choropleth Map

 

http://www.agocg.ac.uk/reports/visual/casestud/dykes/issue3_1.htm

In an unclassed choropleth map, a continuous ramp of shading or color intensity is used with no set intervals. Because they lack classes, it is logical to use a frequency curve that varies the shading or color intensity from the lowest to highest specified value. 

Classed Choropleth Map

http://www.agocg.ac.uk/reports/visual/casestud/dykes/issue3_1.htm

The main objective of a classed choropleth map is to provide visualization of a how a measurement varies across an area. Shading is used to show this proportion of statistical measurements. Too many classes can make it more difficult to read and the colors could possibly distort the actual information. Typically, 4 or 5 classes are usually enough. The classed choropleth map above shows data for children between 0 and 15 years old. It has a five class scheme and manages to get an equal number of cases into each class.

Range Graded Proportional Circle Map

http://www.e-cartouche.ch/content_reg/cartouche/cartdesign/en/html/ThemMaps_ThemData.html

Range graded proportional circle maps use a set number of circles and have a range of values for each circle size within the legend. The data is divided into groups and each group is depicted by a specific symbol size.The map above measures the inhabitants of the Communes in Zurich, Switzerland. 

Continuously Variable Proportional Circle Map

http://www.neiu.edu/~nerobert/391/cartographic.htm

A continuously variable proportional circle map is a variation of the proportional circle map. There are multiple variables that can be represented on the varying size circles. This circle map shows the aggregate population of German ancestry in Chicago's community areas based on 1990 data from the U.S. Census Bureau. One circle represents the number of persons of German ancestry in each community area. There are four circle sizes used, which indicate a logarithmic increase in the data represented. 

DOQQ

http://www.geology.enr.state.nc.us/doqq.html

A digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle is a computer generated image of an aerial photo in which image displacement caused by terrain relief and camera tilt has been removed. It can be incorporated into any geographic information system that can manipulate raster images. 

DEM

 

http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/Geo101/fallck/deglaciation.html

A digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital model or 3D representation of a terrains surface created from terrain elevation data. They consist of a sampled array of elevations for a number of ground positions at regularly spaced intervals. The model above shows the deglaciation of the Cayuga Lake Basin.

DRG

http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/factsheets/fs08801.html

A digital raster graphic (DRG) is a scanned image of a U.S. Geological Survey topographic map. The scanned image includes all map collar information. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface o the earth and fit to the Universal Transfer Mercator projection. The map above is a part of the Washington West, D.C. digital raster graphic. 

LIDAR

 

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/911/911-maps.html

This is LIDAR three-dimensional model of Ground Zero after September 11, 2001. LIDAR provided elevation data of the Ground Zero site which allowed emergency managers to assess damage through smoke. The data was used to determine changes in the rubble pile and to create 3-D digital elevation models that demonstrated the extent of the destruction. Light detection and ranging (LIDAR), is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser. 

Black and White Aerial Photo

http://www.jaha.org/edu/flood/rebuild/img/panoramas/index.html

This is a black and white aerial view of Downtown Johnstown, Pennsylvania in the 1920s. A black and white aerial photo is a form of remote sensing that uses black and white film to capture images of certain areas from the air or space. These images are useful for mapping land cover and surface features.

Infrared Aerial Photo

http://www.jchance.com/projectssubcat.php?subcat=48

This is an infrared aerial photo of 3,615 square miles of coastal plain in Suriname, South America. Infrared aerial photography can be used to document changes to the environment, wetland, and oceans, but it can also be used to document and monitor items such as damage to roofs or pinpointing the sites contaminated by toxic chemicals. 

Cartographic animations

http://www.research.ibm.com/people/l/lloydt/

The goal of cartographic animation is that it depicts change that has happened over time. The types of change can be categorized as temporal and non-temporal. Some examples of cartographic animations are data classification, data generalization, and a series of related variables from a single time period. This map is a spherical projection that shows the annual depletion of the ozone in the Antarctic Spring.

Statistical Map

 

http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/cybergeography/atlas/census.html

This is an example of a statistical map of the Internet produced throughout the 1990s in Africa. Statistical maps are a special type of map in which the variation in quantity of a factor such as rainfall, population, or crops are in a geographic area is indicated. They are often known as distribution maps. 

Dorling Cartograms

 

http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/Cartogram_Central/types.html

A Dorling cartogram maintains neither shape, topology not object centroids. Instead of enlarging or shrinking the objects themselves, the cartographer will replace objects with a uniform shape, usually a circle, of the appropriate size. The Demers Cartogram is used in two different ways. First, it uses squares rather than circles; this leaves fewer gaps between the shapes. Second, the Dorling Cartogram attempts to move the figures the shortest distance away from their true locations.

Contiguous Cartograms

 

http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/Cartogram_Central/types.html

In a contiguous cartogram, topology is maintained but this causes great distortion in shape. This leads to the single most difficult problem in creating cartograms. The cartographer must make the objects the appropriate size to represent the attribute value, but must also maintain the shape of objects.

Non-contiguous Cartograms

 

http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/Cartogram_Central/types.html

A non-contigous cartogram is the simplest and easiest type of cartogram to make. The geographic objects don't have to maintain connectivity with their adjacent objects (called topology). The objects being separated from their adjacent objects allows them to grow or shrink in size but still maintain their shape. The above cartogram is an example of two non-contiguous cartograms of California's population in its counties. The cartogram on the left has maintained the objects centroid (the weighted center point of an area object); some of the objects will being to overlap when the objects grow or shrink because the objects center is staying in the same place. In the cartogram on the right, the objects not only shrink or grow but also move one way or another to avoid overlapping with another object. 

Cartograms

 

http://www.amphibiaweb.org/amphibian/cartograms/

A cartogram is a type of graphic that depicts attributes of geographic objects as the objects area. A cartogram doesn't depict geographic space but rather changes the size of objects depending on a certain attribute, a cartogram isn't a true map. Cartograms vary on their degree in which geographic space is changed; some appear very similar to a map, however some look nothing like a map at all. There are three main types of cartograms- Contiguous, Dorling, and Non-contiguous cartograms. 

Flow Map

 

http://mappa.mundi.net/maps/maps_014/

Cartographers use flow maps to show the movement of objects from one location to another, such as the number of people migrating, the amount of goods being traded, or the number of packets in a network. Flow maps reduce visual clutter by merging edges. This map is a telecommunications traffic flow map of the European region. It shows countries with traffic flows between them represented by smoothly curved red lines. The thickness of the lines is proportional to the annual volume of traffic between those two countries, measured in millions of minutes of voice telecommunication. This map shows that the UK, Germany, and France dominate traffic intra-European flows.

Isoline Map

 

http://www.grossmont.edu/judd.curran/outline1.htm

An isoline is a line on a map that connects points of equal value. Using "isolines" is a common and very useful method of showing varying levels or concentrations of some phenomenon. Some examples would be equal altitude (contour lines), temperature (isotherms), barometric pressure (isobars),wind speed (isotachs), wind direction (isogon), wind shear (isoshear), and etc. Isoline mapping is used to interpret the information on some thematic maps.

Proportional Circle Map

http://www.neiu.edu/~nerobert/Cartography.htm

Proportional circle maps associate a particular symbol, typically a circle, with a particular point on a map, such as the center of a city, or the capital city of a country. The diameter of the circle represents some function of the quantity being visualized. The proportional circle map above is a map of the western U.S. illustrating the American Indian population of each state based on Census Bureau data from 1990. 

Dot Distribution Map

http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/geo/people.htm

A dot density map is a map type that uses dots to show the presence of a feature or a phenomenon. They rely on visual scatter to show spatial patterns. In dot distribution maps, the size of the dots is scaled in proportion to the intensity of the variable. The map above shows the distribution and density of China's population. One tiny dot indicates 50,000 people.

Propaganda Map

 

http://scottwesterfeld.com/blog/2009/10/leviathan-art-the-grand-map/

This is a propaganda map of Europe during WWI in 1914. Propaganda maps are designed to influence the targeted audiences opinions, beliefs, and emotions. They are also used to persuade. This map represents each country as what they were seen as during the Great War. Germany was depicted as a massive military machine with weapons aimed outwards to all surrounding countries; Russia is a huge, rotting imperialist bear; Italy is a clutch of snakes with intents on the Central powers; and Serbia's imagery as a skeleton is an indicator of the huge amounts of civilian deaths and suffering.

Hypsometric Map

 

http://www.reliefshading.com/colors/hypsometric.html

This is a hypsometric map of France. Hypsometric maps represent the elevation of the terrain with colors. The area between two neighboring contour lines receives one specific tint. Hypsometric colors are most common in topographic maps at small scales, either applied as continuous gradients or intervals.

PLSS Map

http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/boundaries/a_plss.html

The Public Land Survey System (PLSS) is a way of subdividing and describing land in the United States. All lands in the public domain are subject to subdivision by this rectangular system of surveys which is regulated by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Each PLSS consists of a series of separate surveys. Most surveys begin at an initial point, and townships are surveyed north, south, east, and west from that point. The north-south line runs through the initial point and is called the Principal (true) Meridian. There are also 37 Principal Meridians and each is named to distinguish various surveys. The east-west line runs through the initial point and is called a base line; line is perpendicular to the Principal Meridian. 

Planimetric Map

http://www.ncdot.gov/doh/preconstruct/highway/photo/Products/Planimetric_maps_default.html

Planimetric maps are digital, graphic maps that portray the horizontal position of planimetric features using lines and symbols; they don't regard elevation. They are often used for preliminary design of transportation products. 

Thematic Maps

http://www.gigawiz.com/thematic.html

A thematic map displays the spatial distribution of an attribute relating to specific data themes such as population density, rainfall, mortality rates, and etc. They can provide specific information about particular locations. This is a thematic map of population in the United States on which the EPA 2006 Ozone Data have been displayed.

Index Value Plot

http://wattsupwiththat.com/2009/08/17/evidence-that-ocean-net-heat-flow-is-connected-with-climate-shifts-co2-not-correlated/

This index value plot shows the monthly values for the PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) Index between January 1900 to September 2008. The red, positive index values indicate a warm phase wile the blue, negative index values indicate a cooler phase. This plot shows that PDO phases generally persist for 20-30 years. An index value plot is a type of visualization map in which an index value is plotted on a line graph. 

Triangular Plot

 

http://www.dplot.com/triangle-plot.htm

A triangular plot is a graph that includes three variables and is most often used in geologic studies to show the relative compositions of soils and rocks. This triangular plot uses soil texture analysis to show what the soil is composed of. This soil is composed primarily of clay and sand. 

Isopleths

 

http://www.stonelions.com/Dayhoit.htm

This isopleth map depicts the annual average TCE (trichloroethylene) concentrations in the surrounding area of Dayhoit, Kentucky. An isopleth map generalizes and simplifies data with continuous distribution. They are more common for mapping surface elevations, amounts of precipitation, atmospheric pressure, and many other measurements that can be viewed statistically as a third dimension.

Isopach

http://www.nvcc.edu/home/cbentley/gol_135/massanutten/massanutten.htm

This isopach map shows the thickness of the Tioga Bentonite over the mid-Atlantic region. Isopach maps are known to depict the thickness of a particular stratum with contour lines. The Tioga Bentonite was originally deposited as volcanic ash during a large volcanic eruption millions of years ago. The deposits of Tioga ash are thickest in the southwest region.

Isohyets

 

http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/AK0808/S00090.htm

The contour lines on this map are isohyets showing the rainfall in July 2008 in 100mm bands in Taranaki, New Zealand. Isohyets give a clear indication of the distribution and intensity of rain across a whole region, rather than just at measurement sites.